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roa 


AN ARCHITECTURAL 
PILGRIMAGE 
IN OLD MEXICO 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2022 with funding from | 
University of Illinois Uroana-Champaign 


https://archive.org/details/architecturalpil00boss 





3 THE LIBRARY . 
F 7.) «OF THE 
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‘Plate I 


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SORE SCENE, ZACATECAS 


AN ARCHITECTURAL 
PILGRIMAGE 
IN OLD MEXICO 


BY 


ALFRED GC BOSSOM 





NEW YORK 
CHARLES SGRIBNER’S SONS- 
MCMXXIV 


COPYRIGHT, 1924, BY 
ALFRED C. BOSSOM 






THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED 


TOMY W.LE 


WHO ACCOMPANIED ME ON MY TRAVELS 
IN MEXICO 
AND HELD THE CAMERA IN 


MANY INSTANCES 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


My reason for writing this is the desire to particularly thank 
Miss Jacqueline Overton for her most painstaking co-operation 
in the arrangement of the photographs, etc., in this book. 

And also, to thank Mr. Harold A. Parker and Mr. H. A. 
Taylor, and Mr. C. B. Waite of Mexico City, who enabled me 
to get a number of the photographs. 


FOREWORD 





LL that an age signifies is written on the open book of its 
architecture. The architect is, at best, the conscious 
recorder of the culture of a race; the thrall of his times. 

Chief builder he may be, but even though he direct a thousand 
pairs of skillful hands, he is but the interpreter of the progress and 
aspirations of his fellowmen. A nation without buildings can leave 
no vivid transcript of the ideals and temperament of its people. 
If one would know the genius of the New World which 
Columbus gave to Castile and Leon, one must seek those archi- 
tectural fabrics most typical of the spirit of all the Americas. 
Where shall the pilgrim go on such a quest? This is the query 
which often came to me, a New York Architect of English birth 
and training, and for years remained unanswered. Surely the soul 
of America is not truly to be found in its Colonial architecture, 
which is modified Georgian, in turn founded on Greek and Roman 
models, through the Italian Renaissance. The search of the United 
States only called for further study. The aborigines who dwelt 
within its borders left no architectural remains. They were dwellers 
in tents of skin, builders of lodges made from poles and boughs. 
Their materials were temporary, their structural art that of nom- 
ads. Even the cliff dwellings of the colorful Southwest are unrelated 
clusters of dwellings, which owed whatever form they had to con- 
ditions which do not carry on. Mounds and tombs and shell heaps 
abound. Yet what they hold is material only for the archaeologist. 
The architect who would know what America was and is finds in 


such memorials only ghosts and wraiths. Therefore, the writer, 


1X 


FOREWORD 


directed by the logic of facts, wandered across the Rio Grande, into 
that storied land where Montezuma gloried. 

Mexico! Not to visit Mexico is not to know the Western Hemi- 
sphere. Not to have viewed the monuments of its romantic past is 
not to sense the inner meaning of American traditions, nor to fully 
grasp the development of the American people. The traveler who 
comes to the New World from the mother lands across the seas fails 
of his mission of understanding if he does not enter this wonder realm 
where the sun of Hispanic traditions first dawned on the culture 
horizon of New Spain! To the people of the United States, Mexico is 
logically a tar greater source of influence than has yet been realized or 
will be until more journeys are made to its ancient fanes. The Ameri- 
can architect and the American artist may find much there to kindle 
their imaginations and inspire their efforts, and the layman also can 
discover much indeed by making Mexico an inspirational and ar- 
tistiewviccca: 

The art of Aztec and Toltec blended by the free audacious spirit 
of those old time cultured world wanderers with the ideals of Madrid 
and Seville, and made sentient by new requirements, still lives in 
many a stately pilein the republic below the Rio Grande. A reflection 
of that mighty influence which came with the Spanish conquistadores 
may be seen, I grant, in the Missions of California and at points in 
the Southwest, but the true image of the American spirit is revealed 
best in the country from which Coronado, adventuring, came. 

It this account, then, of a pilgrimage to shrines of Mexican arch- 
itecture shall be the means of inducing others to take up their staffs 
and go, I shall feel that I have done something, however little, in 
strengthening the affinities of culture and tradition which unite the 


Anglo-Saxons and the Latins in a better understanding. 


x 


PLATES 


STREET SCENE, ZACATECAS Frontispiece, 1 


FACADES, WALLS, ETC. 
Cuurcu or Ex Sattro pet Acua, Mexico City 
ScHooL BUILT FOR THE ORPHANS OF IMPOVERISHED NoBLeE FAMILIES 
An InterestinGc Note AGAINST THE SKYLINE 
CaLLeE ESCALERILLAS 
Tue Watt TREATMENT Here Makes A CornicE UNNECESSARY 


DELICATE BaLconteEs AND GRACEFUL WATERSPOUTS ARE AN Easy 
Meruop oF Appinc CHARM TO THE PLAINEST BUILDINGS 


A House In THE City or Mexico—PANnELLING IN STUCCO Is nor Un- 
KNOWN TO THE MEXICANS 


Tue RELIEF OF Prain WALL SurFaces Is DELIGHTFULLY ACHIEVED BY 
THE Use or NiIcHES oR WALL PANELS 


Sorr Wuite SroneE Forms THE NICHE 


A House 1n Mexico Ciry—A CrestTinG TREATMENT 


Stucco SURFACE AND MopELLING PRovIDES CHARM FOR THE SIMPLEST 
CoMmPOSITION 


Catte Recina, Mexico City 


Dicnity ACHIEVED witH LirrLe HEIGHT 


Las VIZCAINAS 


Our STREET Corners Coutp BE IMPROVED BY GREATER INTEREST IN 
THE ANGLES OF Our BUILDINGS 


A Srucco Facape 1n Low Retier, Mexico City 


A DELIGHTFUL CoRNICE ON A House ON THE AVENIDA Botivar, MEx- 
COR GITY, 


Tue Corner or A Buitpinc, Mexico City, now UsED FOR A STORE 


XI 


Ma 


Ill 


Vil 


VIIl 


XIII 


XIV 


Pil Agia 
Jockey Crus, Mexico City 
NationaL Liprary, Mexico Ciry 
Hotev Irursipe, Ciry or Mexico 
FEDERAL Patace, AGuAS CALIENTES, MExico 
WHERE PortaLes FAcE THE ALAMEDA 


Stores UnDER AN ArcabDE, Mexico City 


A Two-StTortED Doorway WILL FREQUENTLY GIvE DIGNITY TO THE 
SIMPLEST FACADE 


CuHurcH aT Guanajuato, Mexico 
Frying Butrress—SanTa Rosa, QuERETARO, MExico 


BuILDING IN TEPOZOTLAN 


STAIRWAY Up THE HILL In GUADALUPE 


A CuurcH WALL SHRINE, CHURUBUSCO 
A Watt Tasiet, Mexico City 


On THE Roap To San JuAN, TEOTIHUACAN 
An ELABORATELY CARVED AQUEDUCT FOUNTAIN NEAR CHAPULTEPEC 


THERE Is A SUGGESTION FOR A GARDEN WALL IN Tuts CuriIousLy BUILT 
OLtp WaLL AROUND THE CHURCH OF TACUBA 


WALL oF THE CHURCH OF SAN FRANciIsco, MONTERREY 
Ext Cuorro, San MIGuEL DE ALLENDE, MExico 


THE CAMPANILE OF SAN GABRIEL Mission, Los ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 


COURTYARDS 


CouRTYARD OF THE CONVENT AT CHURUBUSCO 
WELL IN THE CourRT OF AN ANCIENT Convent IN MExico 


Patio GARDEN, SANTA BarBaraA Mission, CALIFORNIA 


PaTIO DEL CONVENTO 


O.tp BisHop’s Patace, MonTERREY 


A Farm Patio, A Farm-Yarp witH Rea INDIVIDUALITY 


Xi 


XVI 


XVII 


XVIII 


XIX 


XX 


XXI 


XXI 


XXII 


XXIII 


XXIV 


XXIV 


XXV 


XXV 


XXKV 


XXVI 


XXVII 


XXVII 


XXVIII 


XXIX 


XXX 


XX XI 


XXXII 


XXXII 


XX XIII 


XXXIII 


edb ale GE Lah se 


Patio, CoLEGIo DE LAs VIZCAINAS 


CouRTYARD OF THE HoreL ITURBIDE 


SANTA BARBARA Mission, CALIFORNIA 


GATEWAYS 


An ARCHED STREET IN AMECAMECA 


ENTRANCE TO THE SEPULCRO, Sacro Monte, AMECAMECA 


O_p Gateway, Orizasa, Mexico 


PicTURESQUE Lopcincs ror Man anv Beast, Mexico Ciry 


IXTLACIHUATL FROM PLaza, AMECAMECA 


GATEWAY WITH A DousBLe ArcH, CoyoacAn 


ENTRANCE TO THE GROUNDS OF SAN Luis, Rey DE Francia, San DIEGo, 
CALIFORNIA 


CORNICESs GARGOYLES WE TC. 


ENRICH THE ANGLES AND THE Wa.Lts WILL TAKE CARE OF THEM- 


SELVES 
A Ricu Corner, Mexico City 


Et Parquet DEL ConpeE, Mexico City 


A GarGoyLeE Derrty EMpLovep WILL GIveE RELIEF TO THE FLATTEST 
FACADE 
A PARAPET WITH A GARGOYLE MAKES THE CONVENTIONAL CORNICE 


UNNECESSARY 


Oxtp Mexico Dip nor UsE TERRA Cotta BuT IF IT HAD THE FacTorRIEs 
WovuLp CERTAINLY Have WorKED OVERTIME 


InpiIvipuALITY May Be DEVELOPED IN Any BUILDING IF ALL Its En- 
RICHMENT Has Some DeEriniTE MEANING 


TOWERS 
Fiyinc SaIts, GUADALUPE 


CHURCHYARD, TziInTzuNTzAN, Mexico 


CHURCH IN QUERETARO 


Tue Paracio FEDERAL, QUERETARO, MExico 


X11 


XXXIV 


XXXIV 


XXXV 


XXXVI 


XXXVI 


XXXVII 


XXXVII 


XXXVIII 


XXXVIII 


XXXIX 


XLII 


XLII 


XLII 


XLIV 


XLV 


XLVI 


XLVII 


XLVII 


PEATSES 


San Jose, San AnToNIO, TEXAS XLVIII 
Santo Dominco CuHurRcH, Ciry oF Mexico Sane 
BELFRY OF THE CHURCH OF SAN FELIPE, GUADALAJARA L 
BELFRY AND CLock TOWERS OF THE CATHEDRAL OF More iA, MExico i 
Santo Dominco, Porrat anD CHurcH, Mexico City LI 
PORCHES 
Porcu and Fountain oF Sacro Monte, AMECAMECA LII 
VIEW IN JALAPA, VERA CRUz LIL 
Corripors oF San Juan Bautista Mission, CALIFORNIA LUI 
Corripors oF Mexicatcinco, Mexico City LIL 
San FERNANDO Mission LIV 
STREET IN AGUAS CALIENTES, MExico LIV 
A STREET IN Ext Oro, Mexico LV 
Corripor AT San JuAN Capistrano Mission, CALIFORNIA LVI 
A Mexican HacrENDA CORRIDOR LVI 
CorRIDOR IN THE FRancISCAN Monastery, TEPOZOTLAN LVII 
ConvENTO DEL CARMEN, CoyoacAn LVI 
STREET Market In Puesia, Mexico LVIII 
Rare ARCHITECTURE IN PuEBLA, MExico LVIII 
Corripor oF A House at MITLA Lx 
Cortez House, CoyoacAn, Mexico Lx 
DOORS 
How «a Few Bic Nairts Lenp Dicnity to a Door OPENING LX 
GaRDEN Doorway oF THE Mission oF SAN BUENAVENTURA LXII 
Door oF THE CHURCH oF SAN FRANcIscO, San ANTONIO LXII 
A Stupy In CONTRASTS 0-4 
San Jose, San Antonio, TEXAS LXIV 


X1V 


PLATES 


THE SETTLEMENT OF THE BuiLtpiInc Has HIDDEN THE BoTToM OF THE 
Door BELOW THE GRADE 


Ir tHE Door Is Not Larct EnoucH For THE ComposITION ADD 
More SurrounDING FEATURES 


Door oF SAn JosE, SAN Antonio, TEXAS 


Wrovucut-Iron BatconieEs TO Hotp FLoweEr Ports 


Bronze WHEEL Guarp, Mexico Ciry 


Doorway AND BALcony WITH INTRICATE CARVINGS 


ENTRANCE TO THE HoTeEL ITuRBIDE, Mexico Ciry 


DIFFERENT [Types or Natts CHANGE THE CHARACTER OF A Door as 
Mucu As DIFFERENT Types or Moutpincs Can CHANGE A CORNICE 


Stucco Doorway AND NICHE AT San GABRIEL Mission, CALIFORNIA 


A StmpLeE Doorway, Mexico City 


THe CeMeTERY Door, Santa BARBARA 
ENTRANCE TO THE Misston, San ANTONIO, TEXAS 
Et Carmen San Luts Potosi, Mexico City 
First SHringE, Mexico City 


SIMPLE Forms DisposED witTH CARE Make Tuts BLIND GABLE LIVE 
WITH INTEREST 


Iron Work IMITATED IN STONE Has an UNNATURAL CHARACTER 


O.tp Doorway or San Luis Rey Mission, CALIFORNIA 


DoorRWAY OF THE FoRMER BisHopPp’s PALACE 
FRONT OF THE CATHEDRAL, Mexico City 


Ture Atamo Was IMMORTALIZED BY THE Men Wuoo FouGHT ON THE 
HaLLowep GrounpDs 


SuccEssFUL Compositions Can BE Mabe By ConTRASTING LINES OR 
CONTRASTING TREATMENTS OF SURFACES WITH EQUAL SUCCESS 


CuurcH OF THE BLAck CuHrist, VERA Cruz 


O.tpEest Cuurcy In Mexico (TLAxcaLa) 


XV 


LXV 


LXV 


LXVI 


LXVII 


LXVII 


LXVIII 


LXVIII 


LXIX 


LXX 


LX XI 


LX XI 


LXXII 


LXXIII 


LX XIII 


LXXIV 


LXXIV 


LXXV 


LX XV 


LXXVI 


LXXVII 


LXXVIII 


LXXIX 


LXXIX 


PLAAS 


IGLESIA DEL CARMEN, SAn Luis Porosi LXxee 
Santa Monica, GUADALAJARA Lex 
WINDOWS 
CoLEGIO DE LAs Vizcainas, Mexico City LXXXI 


THE SHAPES ARCHITECTURAL Forms May Take Are WitrHoutT 
NUMBER LXXXII 


THE SPANIARDS Coup Mix Many MarTerIALs wiTH FREEDOM AND 
HarMony LXXXIII 


THE FREEST CARVING IF DOMINATED BY A DEFINITE STRUCTURAL 
Form AUTOMATICALLY FALLS BAcK INTO ITS PROPER PLACE LX XXIV 


SHOULD THE INTERIOR Make IT DeEsirRABLE To Have WINDOWS OF 
DIFFERENT HeIcuHTs SIDE BY SIDE, THE MEXICAN FRANKLY AR- 
RANGED IT So LXexy 
Ir THE JOINTS OF THE STONEWORK Dip not Suit, NEw Lines WERE 
Cut To OBTAIN THE DESIRED SENSE OF SCALE CxXxXxY 


THe Mexican Was no More Bounp To TRADITION THAN THE AMER- 
IcAN Is Topay LXXXVI 


WHEN THE Mexican DecIDED THAT HE WISHED A CERTAIN FORM OF 
ORNAMENT IN A CERTAIN Piace, HE Bent His ARCHITECTURAL 
Lines To AccomMmopaTE IT LXXXVII 
Main ENTRANCE AND INDEPENDENCE BELL, NATIONAL PALACE, 
Mexico City LXX xvii 


Just a Piatin Doorway, BaLcony, anD WINDOW—THE SHADOWS Do 
THE REsT LXXXVIIL 


THe Mexican Gave His Winpows ARCHITRAVES OR OMITTED THEM 
AccorpiInGc To His DEsIRE LXXXIX 


Ir You OrnaMentT OnE Main Feature SUFFICIENTLY You NEED 


NOT ORNAMENT ELSEWHERE xc 
BALCONIES 
Sun DIAL AND PARAPET SHOWING A TREATMENT COMPOSED OF CURVED 
AposBE Biocxks—CouLtp Ber Buitt or CLtay ANYWHERE XCI 
IRREGULARITY BEGETS INTEREST XCII 


XV1 


BEA S 


Narrow STREETS, GUANAJUATO 
Casa DE ALVARADO, CoyoacAn 


A SeEconp-Story Iron Batcony Can Have Its FLowers AND YET 
NOT DETRACT FROM THE AVAILABLE SPACE 


Batcony ON THE Roor oF THE Jockey CLus, Mexico Ciry 
STREET CORNER, CUERNAVACA 


Batconies HERE Suppity Protection But Do not IntTrRuDE Upon 
THE ARCHITECTURAL LINE 


Curious CARVINGS ON THE Paracio FEDERAL, QUERETARO, Mexico 


STAIRWAYS 


Patio or A Mexican House wirtu Its Stucco STairRcASE INVITING TO 
THE Upper GALLERIES 


Ei Catvario, TEHUACAN, PuEBLA, Mexico, wiry Irs Wipe Low 
STAIRWAY 


STAIRWAY IN A STREET IN Guanajuato, Mexico 


SUBIDA AL SANTUARIO, VILLA DE GUADALUPE 


San GABRIEL Mission, PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 


Witrn THE GREAT [IMPORTANCE OF STORES ON THE STREET LEVEL OF 
Hore.s anD Bank BuiILpincs, SucH AN ENTRANCE Has A PECULIAR 
INTEREST 


INTERIORS SDP TALES 3 ELC. 


A Very Unusuat Form or ORNAMENT 


Woopen Pane. Carvep 1n Low Re tier, Door of THE CONVENT OF 
CUAUHTITLAN, A. D. 1538 


Larce Doors, Mexico Citry 


Ruins OF THE CONVENT OF SAN FRAnNcIsco, ZACATECAS 


Tue Motir Is HERE or Many Tuincs TuHat Coutp Be Mabe USE or 
In A Hotet Batit-Room 


TILED WAINSCOTING 


Xvil 


XCII 


XCIII 


XCIV 


XCIV 


XCV 


XCVI 


XCVII 


XCVIII 


XCIX 


CI 


Cr 


Cit 


CIIl 


CIIl 


CIV 


CV 


CVI 


Bia ats 


Jockey Cius, Mexico Ciry—FounTAIn AND BALCONIES oF An IN- 
TERIOR COURTYARD 


Hote. Diticencias, Puesia (La Cocina—THE KITCHEN) 
InTERIOR OF Livinc Room, Estup1LLo House 


KitcHeN oF Estupitto House, San DiEGo 


THE CoLoreD CEILING AGAINST THE PLAIn Watt Is a Most Success- 
FUL DEPARTURE FROM THE OLD CoLoRED WALLS wiTH WHITE 
CEILINGS 


INTERIORS OF OLD Missions, CALIFORNIA 


XVill 


CVIL 


CVIII 


CVIII 


CVIII 


CIX 


CX 


AN ARCHITECTURAL 
PILGRIMAGE 
IN OLD MEXICO 


eS es! 7 io o- — 





AINTERS make portraits of individuals, but architects 
construct the portraits of whole nations. Precedent of 
course is useful, but not vital, and tradition in the home 

of the skyscraper is in the making, and in practically all forms of 
art the American is an eclectic. In this we have very much in 
common with the Spaniards who originally settled in Mexico. 

They were adventurers, crossing the great ocean in little boats, 
literally taking their lives and fortunes in their hands, willing to 
brave unknown perils if only they might reach the new country 
and make for themselves a place therein. 

That same spirit is latent in every inhabitant of the United 
States. The first members of each family to come to America 
certainly were adventurers, for with the exception of a few personal 
belongings and their own indomitable spirit, they left everything 
behind them when they came to this land, with a fixed determina- 
tion to succeed. Hence life as lived here is subject to more thrills 
perhaps than anywhere else in the world, but between these thrills 
come periods of unexciting, strenuous, essential work, 

The Spaniards with all their ideas of beauty inherited from tra- 
dition-bound Spain found upon their arrival a complete architec- 
ture with craftsmanship of a very high standard flourishing in 
Mexico. 

Terascon primitive work, Tepan, Toltec and Aztec, each in 
its turn, had reached an interesting state of development in Old 
Mexico; for these people had learned to handle metals, precious 
and semi-precious stones, rocks, burnt and dried earths, lumber, 


etc., and constructed from them objects of unique beauty. 


3 


AN ARCHITECTURAL PILGRIMAGE 


Within recent years, while excavating at Azcapotzalco the writer 
came upon many curious little statuettes, so droll in their concep- 
tion that it is impossible not to believe that the old Mexicans, also, 
must have had a well developed sense of humor which helped to 
carry them over hard places. 


The Spaniards destroyed all they came across with ruthless: 





TOLTEC+SPECIMENS EXCAVATED AT AZCAPOTZALCO 


THE FREEDOM THAT INSPIRED THE MAKERS OF THESE FIGURINES SEEMS ALSO TO 
HAVE INSPIRED THE SPANIARDS LATER 


hands, but they could not remain unaffected by the existing work 
they found, and the influence of the early Mexican art is easily seen 
in the Spaniards’ first efforts in construction on a new soil. 

Due to the climate and the limited amount of skilled labor, and 
the materials available, it was natural that structures should have 
plain surfaces full of irregularities due to having been built by hand. 
But it was characteristic of the Spaniard that he embellished pro- 


fusely with both carving and color whenever an excuse offered. 


4. 


IN OLD MEXICO 


In spite of the destruction that Mexico has experienced during 
the last century, there still exists every few miles a church or historic 


building frequently surrounded with nothing but a few Indian huts. 





MISSION OF SAN JOSE DE AGUAYO, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 


ARCHES HERE WERE USED IN PLACE OF BEAMS AND FORMED A PERMANENT AND 
RELIABLE BACKGROUND FOR ALL FORMS OF EMBELLISHMENT 


Here we find the main building composed of intensely interesting 
hand moulded surfaces, often with the richest of windows or doors, 
cornices, and quoins, towers or parapets, and it is not uncommon 
to find these latter constructed of an entirely different material 
from the remainder of the building. In outlying districts, and even 
in big cities, adobe blocks covered with stucco form the main struc- 


ture. The ornamental portions were made of a soft stone called 


5 


AN ARGHITECT URAL IE GRIIVMEAG 


Tepetate, a porous stone that hardens with the atmosphere and be- 
comes almost a solid piece, and which was set slightly in advance of 
the general wall surface. 

Colonnettes, capitals, mouldings, and domes in most unusual 
color effects abound everywhere, and the result was obtained partly 
by pigments and partly by tiles, as bizarre and unexpected as any- 
thing that has come out of Russia, Austria, or France. With the re- 
sult that such richness of effect exists nowhere else on the North 
American Continent and age has only added to its charm. 

The outstanding features of this fascinating period of architecture 
evolved by these ancient Spaniards are the open arcades (porches 
we call them) and the large unbroken surfaces which form the mass 
of the wall between the elaborate and often most artistic surrounds 
to the doors and windows. No matter how unusual or elaborate 
this enrichment might become, however, it always had a foil in the 
unbroken wall surfaces which provided the essential contrast. 

Panelled doors of unique character (the latter without finish as 
we understand varnish or paint), delicate metal balconies, iron and 
wooden grilles, helped to make up a style of architecture so free, so 
largely suited to our temperament and needs, that 1t would seem as 
if the “American point of view” had found its expression in archi- 
tecture on this continent centuries ago, in this group of educated 
Spaniards who desired to design in beauty and construct in truth. 

The reason that the buildings below the Rio Grande, though 
built by one of the Latin races centuries ago, seem so aptly to fit our 
American needs is not hard to understand. 

The climate of the higher portions of Mexico is very similar to 
that of the United States, sunlight and fresh air are in abundance 
and large windows, open porches and wide-spreading rooms are 


essential. In turn these express the temperament of the American 


6 


DNVOLIDE VEE TE G 


people with its heartiness and warmth, freedom and, one might add, 
sense of humor and unconventionality, better than any cold, dig- 
nified classical building ever could. 

The American country home, perhaps the most thoroughly ap- 
pointed of any in the world, has been largely adopted from styles of 
architecture primarily unsuited to this climate, and to the mode of 
living of its occupants. The ideal house should be a portrait of the 
life lived within its four walls. Colonial houses, charming to a de- 
gree, invariably possess a satisfying regularity, but this sometimes 
leads to an austerity of feeling and difficulties in the internal arrange- 
ments. Windows often do not fit into the most desirable places in 
the rooms. The ceilings frequently are low, making the rooms far 
warmer than it is desirable to have them, and though such difficul- 
ties may be largely overcome when handled by a trained designer, 
the style does present limitations. 

Our ancestors in England with their exquisite Tudor houses had 
no need fora practical porch or a big window that allowed the free 
circulation of air so vitally important on an August day. Their need 
was to overcome the difficulties of a damp climate—and the exclu- 
sion of the rain and the weather was far more important than to 
provide access for the breezes and the sunlight. 

Speaking architecturally Italian regularity and French whimsi- 
cality are both ideal in their particular sphere, but when adapted 
to the American home they can be deficient in many respects, due 
to having been the outgrowth of entirely different controlling con- 
ditions. 

But the buildings in Mexico, with the slightest adaptation to fit 
them for twentieth century requirements, do comply with American 
needs in a manner rarely equalled by any other style of architecture. 


Freedom is apparent in their construction. Rules with the old 


7 


AN ARCHITECTURAL PILGRIMAGE 


Spaniard were made only for the use of those who could not dare 
for themselves without exterior guidance, so they paid little heed to 
them but bent their knowledge of these to their own advantage. If 
the spacing between the columns on the arcade or the precise regu- 
larity of the windows upon the facade did not produce a desirable 
treatment on the interior arrangement of the building, the columns 
or windows were frankly moved, usually by a master hand, and the 
result was an interesting composition. Hard regularity was sup- 
planted by charming irregularity in most instances. 

Again, should the main entrance not logically develop in the 
center of the building, it wasn’t put there. The interior of the struc- 
ture was seldom arbitrarily distorted to enable some theoretical 
architectural principle to be maintained. 

The great American hotel with its multitudes of windows, its airy 
foyers and ball-rooms, pent-houses, towers and roof-gardens, seems 
instinctively to demand the use of a type of architecture as elastic 
in treatment as that found in Mexico. The towering office building 
with its dominating vertical lines, and nothing to relieve its great 
surfaces, except the piercing of innumerable holes to form windows, 
‘can be designed after Mexican ideas with a success not easily ob- 
tained in forms that must maintain fixed characteristics with a 
rigid regularity. This would apply especially in the adaptions 
necessary to buildings constructed under new zoning laws, which 
regulate the projection of cornices, height, water tables, size of 
dormers, etc. 

American architecture undoubtedly will take its place in the 
worlduponitscommercial buildings,and the design of these 1s rapidly 
taking the path that the materials composing them require. Forms 
defined by the use of steel or concrete faced with some readily han- 


dled materials, which can be tied on to this frame, such as thin slabs 


8 


DNe OF DEVEL OSLG © 


of stone, brick, stucco, or terra cotta, are creating the dominant fea- 
tures of skyscraper architecture. 

The introduction of color by the use of burnt clays, terra cotta 
or faiences, all of which are capable of reproduction at compara- 
tively small cost, is fast forming an ornamental feature of the 
greatest buildings of the country, and it was in instinct the same 
theory that controlled the work in Mexico years ago. 

America is a commercial nation with very strong artistic tenden- 
cies, but commercial buildings have to be commercial; competition 
has made them so, A building is a financial undertaking, and beauty, 
though essential, is subservient within reason to the production of 
revenue in money or happiness. 

An investor will not put additional capital into a structure merely 
for the sake of maintaining some architectural lines, unless he really 
sees a definite return from so doing. A building must be constructed 
of the best possible material to withstand wear and tear, but it must 
also be designed in a manner that will bring in a revenue commen- 
surate with the amount of investment, and this is obtained not only 
through the artistic merit of the building, but also through its desir- 
ability and the facilities it offers. 

We are in an age of change and the possibilities of altering or 
adding to the existing building should be considered, primarily, in 
almost any design today. Few buildings laid out on the purest class- 
ical lines will allow such additions without having the appearance 
of the proverbial sore thumb. 

Mexican architectural irregularities add a charm, and the style 
actually provides most readily the vehicle for possible alterations. 

If the relations between the governments had not been estranged 
the buildings of that land of architectural charm in the south would 
already have been the prototype of a most popular style of architec- 


og 


AN ARGH TLE CG TURAL Ge GC hVrAG 


ture here. Southern California has already taken hold of it and with- 
in the next few years, as the intercourse between the two countries 
increases, the abounding advantages of Mexican work to fill Ameri- 
can requirements will unquestionably compel its consideration more 


and more in almost every type of building. 





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Plate II 





CHURCH OF EL SALTO DEL AGUA, MEXICO CITY 


THE UNEXPECTED ORNAMENT WHILE OFTEN NOT BEAUTIFUL IS ALWAYS 
INTERESTING AND QUITE FREQUENTLY REFRESHING 


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Plate ITT 


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SCHOOL BUILT FOR THE ORPHANS OF IMPOVERISHED NOBLE FAMILIES 


ARCHITECTURAL ADVANTAGE CAN BE TAKEN OF THE SURROUND TO 
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; Plate IV 





AN INTERESTING NOTE AGAINST THE SKYLINE—A SCALLOPED PARAPET 


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Plate VIII 


iH aan 
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A HOUSE IN THE CITY OF MEXICO 


PANELLING IN STUCCO IS NOT UNKNOWN TO THE MEXICANS 





Plate IX 


po: 


SiR 





THE RELIEF OF PLAIN WALL SURFACES IS ee eee or eH RANE CR 


DELIGHT FULLY ACHIEVED BY THE USE Pi hoes oa Ne dH bee DB URN DT. CLAY. THAT 
OF NICHES OR WALL PANELS FORMS THE GENERAL WALL SURFACE 





‘Plate X 


- 





ECO CLIG 


A HOUSE IN ME 


BBD Ey EO} PED 


SILY 


A CRESTING TREATMENT THAT COULD,-EA 


TERRA COTTA 


IN 





PDEs.) CH ARM EO Rs TH E 


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LAS VIZCAINAS 


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Fa 


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OUR STREET CORNERS COULD BE IMPROVED BY GREATER INTEREST IN THE ANGLES OF OUR BUILDINGS 


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ATSLUCCO PACADE IN LOW RELIER, MEXICO, CITY 





A DELIGHTFUL CORNICE ON A HOUSE ON THE AVENIDA BOLIVAR, MEE eLCOr CLI, 


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Plate XV 





THE CORNER OF A BUILDING, MEXICO CITY, NOW USED FOR A STORE 
IT IS IN TWO-COLORED STONE WORK 





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smote SHESLISR ART era 
+ . \ 








Plate XVI 





JOCKEY CLUB, MEXICO) CITY 


HERE COLORED TILE AND CARVING BLEND TO PRODUCE 
THE MAXIMUM OF RICHNESS 





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Die CHAN GING SOP BRENESTRATION At DIFFERENT PLOOR LEVELS HELD 
NO DIPFTICULTY HOR THE MEXICAN 








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QNAALSA NY OL GHAINAUVO NAY SV ONITAS GOW FOVIUAS 


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Plate XXII 





MEXICO 


CHURCH AT GUANAJUATO, 





Tote a 
P . - x .“ h 
Fd " ‘.-” 
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THE Leaky 
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UNIVERSITY iF sents 
= 7; ; 
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Plate eXx LET 


4 





Ase Iq 24 


FLYING BUTTRESS—SANTA ROSA, QUERETARO, MEXICO 





‘Plate X XIV 





BUILDING IN TEPOZOTLAN 


IT WOULD MAKE AN EFFECTIVE DESIGN FOR A GARAGE 





STAIRWAY UP THE HILL IN GUADALUPE 


i ' 
7 ae a ee 








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‘Plate XXV 





A CHURCH WALL SHRINE, CHURUBUSCO 


Ah Ciiss Onan -hH F MIDS OF CRU DE sU RROUWN DINGS 





A WALL TABLET, MEXICO CITY ON THE ROAD TO SAN JUAN 


A SHORT HISTORICAL NOTE RELIEVES TEOTIHUACAN—GARDEN 
THE SEVERITY OF THIS WALL WALL WITH POSTS 





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UNIVER 
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DAdALTNdVHO UVAN NIVINOAOA LONGANGOV AAAUVO ATALVUOAVTA NV 





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SOE THER 
UNIVERSITY AF Niymaig 


Plate XXVII 





THERE IS A SUGGESTION FOR A GARDEN WALL IN THIS CURIOUSLY 
BUILT OLD WALL AROUND THE CHURCH OF TACUBA 





WALL OF THE CHURCH OF SAN FRANCISCO, MONTERREY 





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WELL IN THE COURT OF AN ANCIENT CONVENT IN MEXICO 





Plate XXXII 





PATIO GARDEN, SANTA BARBARA MISSION, CALIFORNIA 





PA ROD Bele C.OuN Valin e@) 


HOW A FOUNTAIN CAN HELP A SMALL GARDEN 


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OLD BISHOP'S PA DA CHES) MOUNT ERR: 





A FARM PATIO, A FARM-YARD WITH REAL INDIVIDUALITY 





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PACTOV COLE GLO DIE LASS VlZ CANA 





COURTYARD OF THE HOTEL ITURBIDE 


SUMMER HOTELS MIGHT WELL FOLLOW THESE EXAMPLES OF 
OUR MEXICAN COUSINS 





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SANTA BARBARA MISSION, CALIFORNIA 





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ENTRANCE TO THE SEPULCRO, SACRO MONTE, AMECAMECA 


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Plate XXXVII 





OLD GATEWAY, ORIZABA, MEXICO 


A LAND DEVELOPMENT WITH THIS AS AN ENTRANCE WOULD AT 
ONGE ACOULRE DISTINCTTLON 


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PICTURESQUE LODGINGS FOR MAN AND BEAtS Devel CO) Cha Ys 





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IXTLACIHUATL FROM PLAZA, AMECAMECA 





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Seon (oe di Pre. 
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ENDRAN CE TO THE GROUNDS OF SAN LULS REY DE FRANCIA, 
SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 


A STUCCO, GARDEN WALL MAY EASILY ADD DELIGHT TO A BARREN SPOT 





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Ameo Cir CiOcRIN ER pol ba xol CoO ms@il he ys 





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ONE SUCH SPOT CAN MAKE AN ENTIRE FACADE 


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Sjamacinde: Soccer onto 








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INDIVIDUALITY MAY BE DEVELOPED IN ANY BUILDING IF ALL 
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FLYING SAILS, GUADALUPE 


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LAOddOS LI AAISO AMS AHL OL dN SGNVLS YAMOL V NAHM 


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SAN FERNANDO MISSION 


HOW COOL FOR A PORCH, PUBLIC OR PRIVATE 





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CORRIDOR AT SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO MISSION, CALIFORNIA, WITH c 
ARCHED COLUMNS AND HEAVILY BEAMED CEILING 





A MEXICAN HACIENDA CORRIDOR 


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CORRIDOR IN THE FRANCISCAN MONASTERY, TEPOZOTLAN 





CONVENTO DEL CARMEN, COYOACAN 


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STREET MARKET IN PUEBLA, MEXICO 


PORCHES ARE SNOT LIMITED [£O FLAT CEILINGS 





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A HOUSE AT MITLA 


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Plate LXIII 





A STUDY IN CONTRASTS 


CHURCH BUILT BY A SUCCESSHUL SELVER MINER IN [7597 AND DEDI CARED 
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RMOLES 
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DOORWAY AND BALCONY WITH 
TENG RECA TES CARY ENGS 





EN ERAN CE PhO LUE HOTEL Liu BIDE, MEXICO CITY 


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Miro 1 ClO Tien. 


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LITIX HV], 





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rege de yeees 





CURIOUS CARVINGS ON THE PALACIO FEDERAL, QUERETARO, MEXICO 














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A VERY UNUSUAL FORM OF ORNAMENT 








Wi OOD EN SPAAUN Ei CAR Vir Dai Ne LOW RUB= LARGE DOORS, MEXICO CITY 
LIEF, DOOR OF THE CONVENT OF 


; MANY SMALL PANELS REMOVE THE 
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RUINS OF THE CONVENT OF SAN FRANCISCO, ZACATECAS 





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HOTEL BALL-ROOM 


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Plate CVI 





TILED WAINSCOTING 


TILES CAN BRING COLOR TO AN OTHERWISE DREARY SPOT 





‘Plate CVIT 





ROCCE Ya CL ULB. VLE C ONGl ty 


FOUNTAIN AND BALCONIES OF AN INTERIOR COURTYARD 








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HOTEL DILIGENCIAS, PUEBLA (LA COCINA—THE KITCHEN) 


SUCH A BRACKETED WALL TREATMENT HOLDS OUT MANY POSSIBILITIES 


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KITCHEN OF ESTUDILLO HOUSE, SAN DIEGO 





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THE COLORED CEILING AGAINST THE PLAIN WALLIS A MOST 
SUCCESSFUL DEPARTURE FROM THE OLD COLORED 
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